Formal Program

The formal program commenced at 20:37 EDT and consisted of three speakers: Elizabeth ‘Zibi’ Turtle (Johns Hopkins University), Sinéad Farrell (University of Maryland), and Marc Neveu (NASA Goddard / University of Maryland).

1st formal talk: Zibi Turtle presented, “Exploring the Ocean Worlds Europa and Titan with Europa Clipper and Dragonfly.” For the Europa Clipper mission, she discussed its science objectives, the unique challenges of a flyby mission, instrument characteristics (particularly the cameras), and strategies for detecting activity. Over 800 people contributed to the development of the cameras for this mission. For more details, a recent paper has been published in Space Science Reviews (DOI:

10.1007/s11214-024-01115-9). For the Dragonfly mission, she covered key mission elements, scientific goals—including prebiotic chemistry, habitability, and the search for biosignatures—and the exploration strategy. An augmented reality model of Dragonfly is available online at dragonfly.jhuapl.edu. Talk length: 20 minutes.

Questions were asked by: Mike Purucker (NASA), John Christoph (Smithsonian), Mike Wong (Carnegie), Jeff Grossman (NASA), and Johnathon Tucker (National Academies), and unknown name (NASA Goddard). Many of the questions focused on the logistics of the Dragonfly mission, including whether and how JWST contributes to the mission, the likelihood of unexpected features at the landing site, and strategies to prevent icing due to Titan’s weather conditions. Additional questions addressed biosignatures on Titan and the opportunity to study other moons during the Europa Clipper mission.

2nd formal talk: Sinéad Farrell presented, “Pole to Pole: Earth’s Declining Sea Ice.” She discussed the physical processes driving sea ice changes, including air-ice-ocean interactions, ice growth and loss, and the annual sea ice cycles. She highlighted the multi-decadal decline in Arctic sea ice, regional changes, and the loss of the oldest, thickest ice, as well as the abrupt decline in Antarctic sea ice. She also touched on how these changes are measured using remote sensing, particularly ICESat-2 and its Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System (ATLAS). Talk length: 25 minutes.

Questions were asked by: Liz Cottrell (Smithsonian), Dan Doctor (USGS), John Christoph (Smithsonian), and Ved Lekić (UMD). Questions regarded the drivers of atmospheric circulation, connections between ice formation in the Arctic and Antarctic, the influence of petrologic characteristics like porosity and density on ice dynamics, and the significance of observed step changes in ice behavior.

3rd formal talk: Marc Neveu presented, “How depressurization during cryovolcanic eruption affects relative abundances of amino and fatty acids sought as biosignatures on ocean worlds.” He discussed recent work (Neveu et al. 2024, EPSL, DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118622) and the Simulator of Ocean World Volcanism (SOWCr) setup. He detailed the procedure for simulating plume ejection, the impact of liquid-to-vacuum transitions on amino acid abundance ratios, and how cryovolcanic processes influence the relative abundances of amino and fatty acids. He also mentioned upcoming work on an advanced "Super" SOWCr model. Talk length: 21 minutes.

Questions were asked by: Ved Lekić (UMD), Zibi Turtle (JHU), Francesca Miozzi (Carnegie), and unknown name (NASA Goddard). Questions covered technical aspects of the model, including variations

along its length and its application to plumes, particularly regarding temperature, as well as the biotic vs. abiotic fraction on Earth.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1607th meeting, which was held on January 29th.

One guest was announced, visiting from the National Academies. Four new members were announced: Emily Orzechowski, Lynn Wingard, Laura Helmuth, and Christopher Cahill.

Obituaries

A moment of silence was held for Bob Burruss (USGS and 2013 GSW President), along with a remembrance shared by Aaron Jubb (USGS).

Announcements

The speakers originally scheduled for the February meeting, which was canceled due to inclement weather, have been rescheduled for the April 30th meeting at Carnegie Science EPL.

Informal Communication

A Stand Up for Science rally will take place at the Lincoln Memorial on Friday, March 7th, from 12 PM to 4 PM.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1608th meeting, which was held on March 5th.

Four guests were announced, visiting from various institutions, including the Smithsonian and the Embassy of Luxembourg. No new members were announced.

Obituaries

A moment of silence was held for Blaine Cecil (USGS), along with a remembrance shared by John Repetski (USGS). John spoke to Blaine’s distinguished career as a Central Appalachian stratigrapher, noting his influential research on coal formation and paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

Announcements

Two announcements were made. President Ved Lekić announced that the Seismological Society of America 2025 Annual Meeting will take place in Baltimore next week. Liz Cottrell (Smithsonian) shared news of the recent unveiling of the Winston Red Diamond and the Winston Fancy Color Diamond Collection at the National Museum of Natural History.

Informal Communication

Steven Shirey (speaking in a personal capacity) brought one-pagers with talking points advocating for support and funding for the National Science Foundation (NSF). He emphasized the importance of NSF funding for the future of geoscience, as well as for supporting the next generation of researchers entering the field.

Formal Program

The formal program commenced at 20:17 EST and consisted of three speakers: Ryan McAleer (USGS), Wen-Lu Zhu (University of Maryland), and Emily Martin (Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum). The theme of the formal program was Rock Deformation and Tectonics.

1st formal talk: Ryan McAleer presented, “Microtextures and Microchemistry in Retrograde Shear Zones: Implications for Geochronology, Deformation Mechanisms, and Rock Strength.” Ryan contextualized prograde and retrograde paths with a film analogy, noting that the retrograde path—marked by waning temperatures—lacks the conditions to easily record its journey and requires activation energy to drive reactions. He presented case studies connecting microtextures and microchemistry to deformation history. His work touched on how the location of reactions informs their drivers, with microtextures revealing cycles of dissolution and precipitation, and Ar dating providing temporal context. This marks Ryan’s return after a fire alarm foiled his scheduled talk at the 1604th GSW meeting on October 30th, 2024. In honor of the fickle fall fire alarm, several mischievous audience members (including a certain recent GSW president) set alarms to ring as he began. Talk length: 25 minutes.

Six questions were asked by: Peter Valley (USGS), Bill Burton (USGS), John Christoph, Dan Doctor (USGS), Jane Hammarstrom (USGS), and Bill Burton (USGS) again. Questions touched on the relative timing of shearing and dissolution, as well as whether mica-rich zones are the first to recrystallize, how argon dating constrains these processes, and how to identify optimal sampling sites in the field to capture such textures.

2nd formal talk: Wen-Lu Zhu presented, “Effect of Partial Melt on Seismic Wave Velocity of Mantle Peridotite.” Wen-Lu discussed how partial melt influences seismic wave velocity and attenuation in mantle peridotite. She presented work using synchrotron-based X-ray microtomography to map 3D melt distributions and compute elastic moduli as a function of melt fraction. Her results show that the geometry and distribution of melt play a critical role in seismic wave behavior, with important implications for interpreting geophysical signals in partially molten mantle regions. Talk length: 26 minutes.

Five questions were asked by: Liz Cottrell (Smithsonian), Anne Pommier (Carnegie), Bill Burton (USGS), John Christoph, and Ved Lekić (UMD). Questions explored whether melt fractions beneath mid-ocean ridges might be underestimated, if tidal forces could be used to model melt distribution, connections between seismicity and aggregate properties, and how metal phases might be incorporated into the model.

3rd formal talk: Emily Martin presented, “Dione’s Tectonic History and Evidence for a Global Subsurface Ocean.” Emily addressed the history of tectonics on Saturn’s moon Dione, using surface mapping of tectonic features to reconstruct past stress regimes and assess the moon’s tectonic evolution. Her work highlights the widespread presence of extensional features—such as grabens and fracture systems—and a striking scarcity of compressional structures. She distinguished between older and younger tectonic terrains, potentially suggesting distinct episodes of deformation. Talk length: 23 minutes.

Eight questions were asked by: Mike Purucker (NASA), Bill Burton (USGS), unknown name (UMD), Nick Powell (USGS), Dan Doctor (USGS), John Christoph, unknown name, and Bill Burton (USGS) again. Questions touched on the relevance of Webb Telescope data, effects of rotation rate, crater deformation, tidal locking and fracture patterns, planetary comparisons, and the prevalence of extensional features.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1610th meeting, which was held on April 30th.

One guest was announced, visiting from the Smithsonian. One new member was announced: Andrew Steele (Carnegie).

Obituaries

The passing of Bevan French (NASA, with affiliations to several local institutions) was announced. A request was made for someone to deliver a proper remembrance at the next meeting.

Announcements

President Ved Lekić made two announcements. First, the Spring GSW Field Trip will take place on Saturday, June 14th at Rock Creek Park, led by Callan Bentley (Piedmont Virginia Community College). The event will run from approximately 8:00 to 11:00-ish AM. Second, he reiterated the upcoming AGU Day of Action on Capitol Hill, taking place on June 3rd and 4th.

Informal Communication None.

Formal Program

The formal program commenced at 20:14 EST and consisted of three speakers: Ioan Lascu (Smithsonian NMNH), Cecelia Sanders (Smithsonian NMNH), and Daniel Segessenman (George Mason University). The theme of the formal program was Ancient Earth.

1st formal talk: Ioan Lascu presented, “Magnetofossils: Relicts of Deep Time?” Ioan presented research on the search for magnetofossils predating the Late Cretaceous, which marks the oldest robust record of magnetofossils.. His work focused on signatures preserved in the Gunflint Chert. Magnetic signals were detected in bulk rock FORC (First Order Reversal Curve) diagrams, though their source was initially unclear. Ioan shared 3D tomography of Fe-rich layers in the chert, revealing interacting magnetite nanoparticles that likely produce the observed magnetic signature. Talk length: 20 minutes.

Eight questions were asked by: Mike Purucker (NASA), Mike Ackerson (Smithsonian), Ved Lekić (UMD), Cecelia Sanders (Smithsonian), Dave (Towson University), James (George Mason University), Bobbi (George Mason University), and Vic (unknown institution). Topics included ancient bacterial biosignatures, the role of uniformitarianism in interpreting early life, fossil preservation potential, magnetic field strength, and molecular clocks.

2nd formal talk: Cecelia Sanders presented, “Relating Paleoecology and Phosphorite Formation across Deep Time.” Cecelia discussed the underexplored diversity of phosphorite deposits, focusing on their classification and characterization. Her approach combined textural analysis using microscopy with chemical analysis, employing both non-destructive techniques (Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy) and destructive methods (mass spectrometry). She illustrated her research with exceptional graphics, including original artwork. Talk length: 24 minutes.

Six questions were asked by: Anne Pommier (Carnegie), Mike Ackerson (Smithsonian), Sajjad Akam (Smithsonian), Kuan-Yu Lin (Smithsonian), Mike Purucker (NASA), and unknown name. Questions addressed Raman spectral interpretations, REE anomalies, the distinction between authigenic and early diagenetic origins, and phosphate deposits near Aurora, NC.

3rd formal talk: Daniel Segessenman presented, “Geology’s Greatest Hits: The North American Rock Record Remastered.” Daniel used a musical analogy to explore the rock record through a digital lens, leveraging the Macrostrat data platform to investigate spatial and compositional trends. He emphasized the interpretive power of compiled geologic datasets and shared insights on the Ediacaran using this approach. Talk length: 24 minutes.

Four questions were asked by: Bobbi (George Mason University), Mike Ackerson (Smithsonian), Sajjad Akam (Smithsonian), and Kuan-Yu Lin (Smithsonian). Questions touched on use of this approach as a standard for referencing, connections to detrital zircons in the Ediacaran, and approaches to age dating across different rock types.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1611th meeting, which was held on May 14th.

Five guests were announced, visiting from the Smithsonian, Carnegie, and NASA. Four new members were announced: Mariam Naseem (UMD), Daniel Segessenman (GMU), Bradley Garczynski (AAAS Fellow), and Linda Veblan.

Obituaries

Moments of silence were observed for the passing of Richard “Dick” S. Fiske (Smithsonian) and Marilyn

J. Suiter (NSF).

Dick Fiske was remembered by Liz Cottrell (Smithsonian), who spoke of his long dedication to GSW and the Washington geoscience community. Over several decades, Dick held numerous leadership roles within GSW, including President in 1987. Cottrell highlighted his contributions were recognized repeatedly through GSW’s awards, including multiple Best Paper and Great Dane honors, as well as the Sleeping Bear Award. Dick’s career began at the USGS and flourished at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, where he became a valued colleague, mentor, and advocate for GSW.

Marilyn Suiter was remembered by Ester Sztein (GSA), who emphasized Marilyn’s deep impact on geoscience education and diversity. At NSF Marilyn led programs that fostered opportunities for students and broadened participation across the geosciences. Before NSF, she worked with AGI and remained deeply engaged with AGU, GSA, AWG, and NABG, always advancing opportunities for underrepresented students. She also held leadership roles in GSW. Sztein remembered Marilyn’s remarkable ability to truly “see” people and her strong commitment to mentoring and supporting the next generation of geoscientists.

Announcements

President Lekić reported that GSW is in the final stages of transitioning to a new membership platform, which will serve as a one-stop system for payments and communication. He thanked Membership Officer Jonathan Tucker and Treasurer Andy Campbell for leading the effort.

Informal Communications

Mike Purucker (NASA) announced that NASA will launch two spacecraft to Mars as part of the ESCAPADE mission, led by PI Dr. Rob Lillis.

Formal Program

The formal program commenced at 20:33 EST and consisted of three speakers: Colin Jackson (Tulane University / AAAS STP Fellow at DOE), Kathleen Mandt (NASA Goddard), and Patrick Beaudry (Johns Hopkins University). The theme of the formal program was Volatiles.

1st formal talk: Colin Jackson presented, “Experimental magma oceans and volatile depletion of rocky worlds.” Jackson discussed volatile depletion and the role of magma oceans in determining volatile budgets. He presented results from 1-atmosphere gas-mixing furnace experiments designed to quantify relative volatilities as a function of temperature and fO2. The work suggests that volatile depletion in rocky planets is influenced by magma ocean outgassing. Talk length: 19 minutes.

Seven questions were asked by: Mike Walter (Carnegie), Mike Ackerson (Smithsonian), Mark Tyra (NIST), Ved Lekić (UMD), Jonathan Tucker (National Academies), and Patrick Beaudry (JHU), and name unknown (Carnegie). Topics included the aspirationality of equilibrium when vapor pressure is not constant, the use of 50% condensation temperatures as an independent variable, and the implications of conducting experiments at 1 atm.

2nd formal talk: Kathleen Mandt presented, “How volatile composition can reveal the sources of water on the Earth and Moon.” Mandt discussed how volatile compositions, particularly hydrogen isotope ratios (D/H), can be used to trace the origins of water in the Earth-Moon system. While Earth acquired some water during formation, this amount is insufficient to account for the oceans, pointing to additional sources. Asteroids and comets carry distinct D/H signatures, allowing comparisons. Results from the Rosetta mission showed unexpectedly high D/H values in a Jupiter-family comet, possibly influenced by sublimation through icy dust grains. The best D/H constraints were obtained from regions farther from such grains. Talk length: 24 minutes.

Three questions were asked by: Jonathan Tucker (National Academies), Ved Lekić (UMD), and Larry Meinert (Colorado School of Mines). Topics included follow-ups on D/H ratios and the composition of lunar water.

3rd formal talk: Patrick Beaudry presented “The volatile redox budget of slab fluids and oxidation of the mantle wedge.” Beaudry discussed possible mechanisms for the oxidized signature observed in arc magmas, focusing on the role of H₂O, CO₂, and S in transferring oxidizing capacity from slab to wedge. He highlighted how more oxidized magmas can carry greater volatile loads and examined whether sulfur released from slab fluids could be the key driver. Modeling and DEW (Deep Earth Water) calculations suggest that sulfur solubility in fluids and subsequent transport from the slab may provide a pathway for oxidized signatures to reach the surface. Talk length: 22 minutes.

Four questions were asked by: Colin Jackson (Tulane / AAAS), Mong-Han Huang (UMD), Mark Tyra (NIST), and Ved Lekić (UMD). Topics included the role of anhydrite in subduction, variability of sulfur across different arcs, the amount of sulfur subducted in the model, and the sensitivity of such models to recent experimental constraints.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1613th meeting, which was held on Oct 1st.

Seven guests were announced, visiting from the UMD, Carnegie, and JHU. Two new members were announced: Bruce Baganz and Lynn Wardell.

Obituaries None.

Announcements

President Lekić announced that the next GSW meeting will be held on November 12th at Carnegie Earth and Planets Laboratory and will be preceded by a poster session.

Informal Communications

An audience member shared that the Maine Mineral and Gem Museum has an opportunity for research on a meteorite.

Formal Program - Annual Bradley Lecture

The formal program commenced at 20:24 EST. Barbara Romanowicz (University of California, Berkeley; Collège de France, Paris) delivered the Annual Bradley Lecture, titled “From Hotspots to Mantle Plumes: Insights on Deep Mantle Plumbing and Dynamics from Global Seismic Imaging.” Romanowicz discussed advances in global seismic imaging and their implications for understanding mantle plumes and deep Earth structure. She emphasized the need for higher-resolution imaging to detect plumes and other

fine-scale mantle features. Traditional tomography, which relies on first-arriving seismic waves, provides

limited depth and lateral resolution. Incorporating full-waveform tomography and spectral-element methods can significantly improve imaging, particularly for low-velocity, small-scale structures. She highlighted that the LLSVPs (large low shear velocity provinces) are not monolithic piles but internally complex regions. Distinct isotopic compositions in Pacific plume sources support this interpretation.

Romanowicz noted that these deep structures may represent bundles of individual mantle plumes and that refining resolution at depth is critical to unraveling their geometry, origin, and evolution.

Nine questions were asked by: Kevin Wong (Carnegie), Liz Cottrell (Smithsonian, furloughed*), Graham Lederer (USGS, furloughed*), Will Frazer (Carnegie), Colin Jackson (DOE, furloughed*), Jonathan Tucker (National Academies), Mong-Han Huang (UMD), Karen Pearson (“almost unaffiliated”), and Dan Doctor (USGS, furloughed*). Topics discussed included the applicability of these findings to settings such as the East African Rift and the Hawaii plume; the complexity of plume bifurcation and rejoining; connections to the slab graveyard concept; the longevity of plumes and what occurs when they cease activity; relationships between plume dynamics and upper-mantle complexity; future directions for improving seismic coverage in the coming decade; and the potential to leverage fiber-optic technology to enhance resolution and coverage.

*Furloughed members attended and participated in a personal capacity, not as representatives of their institutions.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1614th meeting, which was held on Oct 29th.

One guest was announced, visiting from the UMD. One new member was announced: Kevin Wong (Carnegie).

Obituaries None.

Announcements

President Lekić thanked the nominations committee for their work assembling next year's officers, and announced they are still looking for a meeting secretary and a council member - email Ved if interested for more information on the nomination process.

President Lekić thanked the team at Carnegie Science for hosting the meeting, including Mike Walter, program chair Anne Pommier, Joshua Skrine, Barry Hall, Robert Carter and the EPL facilities team (including Louis, Kelis, and Fatima).

Informal Communications

Mark Tyra (NIST*) shared that a solar flare was underway and suggested attendees look north for possible auroras on their way home.

Formal Program

The formal program commenced at 20:14 EST and consisted of three speakers: Conel Alexander (Carnegie), Matt Clement (JHU), and Zoë Wilbur (Smithsonian). The theme of the formal program was Extraterrestrial Materials.

1st formal talk: Connel Alexander presented, “What Meteorites and Sample Return Missions Have Taught Us about Conditions and Processes in the Early Solar System.” Alexander discussed how meteorites retain records of the conditions and processes that shaped the early Solar System. He outlined

ongoing debates over the origins of insoluble organic matter (IOM) and showed how both bulk and grain-scale analyses reveal complex formation pathways. He emphasized Earth’s volatile-element depletion patterns and the competing hypotheses for volatile delivery, including scattering of water-rich material from the outer Solar System versus nebular ingassing. Chondrules and chondrites were highlighted as key contributors to early volatile budgets and to making the early Earth habitable through delivery of H, C, N, and other essential species. Talk length: 23 minutes.

Four questions were asked by: John Christoph (GW), Mike Walter (Carnegie), Jonathan Tucker (National Academies), and Ved Lekić (UMD). Topics included: CB chondrites and their implications for early Solar System mixing, whether scattering models and ingassing models are mutually exclusive, spatially dependent isotopic signatures in disk planetesimals, and how to contextualize inner-outer Solar System boundaries in relation to 26Al heterogeneity and chronology.

2nd formal talk: Matt Clement presented, “Long Term Bombardment of the Habitable Zone at Home and Abroad.” Clement discussed the formation and dynamical evolution of planets from dust to planetesimals, Moon- and Mars-sized bodies, and eventually giant planets. He highlighted how leftover planetesimals in the modern Solar System provide constraints for calibrating accretion histories and dynamical models. He focused on prolonged bombardment of the inner Solar System, including the late veneer. He discussed the implications for exoplanet systems, including whether late bombardment could help replenish atmospheres that are stripped on planets orbiting M-dwarfs. Talk length: 24 minutes.

Four questions were asked by: Mark Czerniak (retired), Mike Walter (Carnegie), Keith McLaughlin (“semi-retired”), and Dan Doctor (USGS*). Topics included mechanisms that impart spin to protoplanetary disks, how pebbles stick together inside the snow line rather than fragmenting, detection limits for low-mass exoplanets, and constraints on dynamical modeling from geochemical or astronomical observations.

3rd formal talk: Zoë Wilbur presented “Exploring Inner Solar System Volatiles with Bennu Samples.” Wilbur discussed the mineralogical and chemical evidence for water-bearing phases in Bennu samples returned by OSIRIS-REx. While remote sensing indicated hydrated phyllosilicates, sample analyses revealed additional unexpected water-bearing phases and textures consistent with an evaporative brine sequence. She compared these signatures to terrestrial analogs such as Searles Lake evaporites and discussed how isotopic measurements inform Bennu’s aqueous alteration history and volatile evolution. Talk length: 20 minutes.

Two questions were asked by: Ved Lekić (UMD) and Mark Tyra (NIST*). Topics included the origin and evolution of evaporative brines on Bennu’s parent body.

*Furloughed members (mere hours before the shutdown ended) attended and participated in a personal capacity, not as representatives of their institutions.

The meeting began with the reading and approval of the minutes from the previous meeting, the 1615th meeting, which was held on Nov 12th.

Three guests were announced, visiting from the UMD. No new members were announced.

Obituaries

A moment of silence was observed in remembrance of Malcolm Ross (USGS), followed by reflections shared by Jane Hamerstrom (USGS). Jane highlighted Malcolm’s distinguished career as a mineralogist and his long-standing commitment to professional service, including his tenure as President of MSA (1991), as well as his deep dedication to the GSW. A memorial ceremony will be held on December 5th at Rock Creek Cemetery.

Announcements

The GSW Fall Field Trip was announced for Saturday, December 20th. Peter Valley (USGS) will lead a hike along Difficult Run to the Potomac River below Great Falls. The trip will feature exposures of metagraywackes, migmatites, and petroglyphs. Because parking at Difficult Run Stream Valley Park is limited, carpools will be arranged. Participants should meet at 8:00 a.m. at the Reston Town Center Metro station.

Informal Communications None.

Formal Program - Presidential Address

The formal program commenced at 20:21. EST. President Ved Lekić (UMD) delivered the Annual Presidential Address, titled “A Tale of Two Worlds: The Core-Mantle Boundaries of Earth and Mars” with incoming president Mike Ackerson (Smithsonian) providing the introduction. The address focused on observations and open questions related to the core-mantle boundaries of Earth and Mars. For Earth, Lekić discussed seismic waveform anomalies that reveal fast regions associated with subducted slabs and slow regions whose composition, activity, and origin remain uncertain. He highlighted ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs) as small, dense, and extremely slow features that are difficult to image with traditional tomography, and presented machine-learning approaches that sequence seismograms to better interpret signals in poorly sampled regions. Analysis of Pdiff postcursors suggests geographic patterns and

compositional constraints on ULVZs, including evidence that the Hawaiian ULVZ may reflect iron enrichment. For Mars, Lekić described challenges posed by limited seismic coverage from a single seismometer and signal contamination from wind. Using marsquakes associated with fresh impact craters, he showed how core properties can be constrained, suggesting a smaller and denser Martian core than previously thought. Talk length: 52 minutes.

Despite immense audience engagement, no questions were permitted, per the bylaws.

Minutes for the 132nd Annual Meeting

Wednesday, 3 December 2025

Carnegie Earth and Planets Laboratory

Final Minute Approval will Occur at the 133rd Annual Meeting in Fall 2026