GSW: 1993
MEETING MINUTES
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
1233rd Meeting, January 13,
1993
President Bethke called
the meeting to order at 8:04 p.m.
Sixteen visitors were
introduced: Andrea Ray, Jane Scherer, David Stanberg, Peter Schultz, Glenda
Newell, Noritake Nishide, Allan Linde, Francois Schweizer, Gregory Walsh,
Athene Walsh, Kevin Crowley, Ray Parker, Linda Freeman, Jodie Bougois, and two
graduate students from
William Ruddiman of the
Christopher Newhall of
the USGS in
The last talk of the
evening was presented by Sean Solomon of DTM here in
President Bethke
adjourned the meeting, amidst a nearly full house of 98 attendees, at 9:51 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
1234th Meeting, January 27,
1993
In the absence of
President Bethke, Vice President Helz called the meeting to order at 8:02 p.m. Five visitors were introduced: Janet Herman,
John Berry, Dave Yerrington, Ed Landa, and Ann Kuebler. One new member was announced, Adrian Abraham
of
Robert Swap of the
The second talk of the
evening was presented by William Boyle of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,
entitled "Structural analysis of Mount Rushmore National
Memorial." This study was undertaken
for the Mount Rushmore Memorial Society, based on concerns regarding stability
of the monument. Doane Robinson
conceived the monument in 1923, but the major impetus came from Gutzon Borglum,
whose work was completed in 1941. The
monument is composed of the Early Proterozoic Harney Peak Granite, which sits
atop a pelitic schist unit and contains many fractures and pegmatites, the
weathering of the latter producing a false sense of major jointing. Bill described various early efforts at
repair work on
The last talk of the
evening, by William Back, Edward Landa, and James McNeal of the USGS in Reston
and by Lisa Meeks of the Arkansas Mining Institute, was entitled
"Historical notes on bottled water,
Following a round of
applause for departing Program Chair J.K. Bohlke, Vice President Helz adjourned
the meeting, with 77 attendees, at 9:37 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
1235th Meeting, February 10, 1993
President Bethke called
the meeting to order at 8:09 p.m. Seven
new members were announced including Gregory Walsh of the USGS, Athene Cua who
is job hunting, Stephen Lynton of the University of Maryland, William Boyle of
the NRC, Anne Kuebler of the USGS, Alan Linde of DTM, and Janet Herman of the
University of Virginia. No visitors
were announced. John Jens of the Public
Service Committee reminded us of the upcoming spring science fairs, and
solicited volunteers to act as judges.
Gene Robertson again announced the GSW Banquet on February 24th. There were no informal communications.
Jim Luhr of the
Smithsonian started the program with a talk on "The Mexican Volcano
Paricutin on its 50th Birthday: Finding the Parental Basalt."
The second talk of the
evening was presented by Fred Phillips of New Mexico Tech entitled
"Classification and Climate. A New Look as the Glacial Chronology
of the
The last talk, by Roy
Dokka of LSU and NSF, was on "Tectonic Context of the 1992 Landers
Earthquake." Recent work over the
past few years has reconstructed the style of faulting in the Mojave Desert
region, resulting in a new way of looking at modern tectonics in southeastern
President Bethke
adjourned the meeting, with 94 attendees, at 9:50 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF
1236th Meeting, March 10, 1993
President Bethke called
the meeting to order at 8:01 p.m. Two new members were announced, Mike Carr of
the USGS and Gantam Sen of NSF. The following visitors were introduced: John
Price, Ellie Brouwer, Tom Bown, John Barron, Derrick Kaiser, and Whitman Cross
II. The death of Felix Chayes of the Geophysical Lab was also announced.
President Bethke reminded us of John Jens' need of judges for upcoming science
fairs in the D.C. area, and read letters by John Reed, Art Baker, and Ken
Lohman that congratulated the Society on the occasion of its 100th birthday.
There were no informal communications.
Ellis Yochelson of the
Smithsonian started the program with a talk on "Founding of the Geological
Society of Washington---Who?, What?, When?, Where?, WHY?" Ellis gave us a
Linnaean look at the early founders of GSW, including C.D. Walcott, a loyal
family man who never went to college, and other luminaries such as J. Stanley
Brown, J.S. Diller, and G.K. Gilbert. The first organizational meeting was held
on February 25, 1893, which followed the founding of other early
The second talk of the
evening, presented by Gene Robertson of the USGS, was entitled "The
Founders and the Significant Papers of 100 Years of GSW." Gene gave us a
short overview of the geological interests and work of the founders of the
Society. Seven founders had careers that mainly involved field mapping:
Florence Bascom, Joseph Diller, N.H. Darton, Arthur Hague, Arthur Keith, George
Merrill, and W.J. McGee. F.W. Clarke, Waldemar Schaller, and N.L. Bowen worked
principally on experimental mineralogy and geochemistry. Mapping of mining
districts was the specialty of Alfred Brooks, Arthur Spencer, S.F. Emmons,
Waldemar Lindgren, and W.H. Weed. George Hayes, Francois Matthes, and H.W.
Turner worked on Pleistocene glaciation and geomorphology. Stream erosion and
water quality were studied by F.H. Newell. C.D. Walcott, F.H. Knowlton, and
T.W. Stanton were noted stratigraphers and paleontologists. Bailey Willis
mainly worked on structure and tectonics, and G.K. Gilbert on isostatic
adjustment and emplacement of igneous intrusions. Coal deposits were studied by
M.R. Campbell, D.T. Day, G.H. Eldridge, and C.D. White. Gene briefly mentioned
several key papers presented before the society, such as that by Whitman Cross
and others on the CIPW classification of igneous rocks, and more recent ones by
Anita Harris and Dave Stewart on conodants and crustal structure, respectively.
Gene also emphasized the importance of radiogenic isotope studies to many
papers given at GSW, noting that such studies have "almost put paleontology
out of business." Amidst hisses and boos from a vocal minority in the
audience, there were no questions. (14.0 minutes).
Tom Dutro of the USGS
presented the third talk on "Ambience, Humor, and Audiences Through 100
Years of GSW Meetings." Tom opened by noting that during the first
quarter-century, GSW meetings were formal black tie affairs, with all officers
of the society wearing black tie until the end of the 1920s. Tom mystified the
audience by implying a connection between the solemnity of the meetings and the
scarcity of women members; the latter, according to Tom, was also somehow
related to the formal attire worn by the men in the society. Florence Bascom
was an early member, and in 1901 gave the first talk by a woman, on the geology
of the Philadelphia Gneiss. Tom told us that since the founding of the society,
the proportion of women in GSW has increased steadily, from 2 percent in 1893,
to 5 percent in 1943, to 13 percent in 1975, and finally to 23 percent in 1990;
he didn't tell us, however, if there was a corresponding increase in levity. In
terms of attendance, the early years until about 1905 saw an average of 30-40
people in the audience, which rose dramatically to 130-150 during the period
1950 to 1970. Since then, there has been a considerable decline in meeting
attendance (to an average of about 80 to 90), which many people feel is related
to the USGS move to
The last formal talk of
the evening was presented by Pete Toulmin, retired from the USGS, on "GSW
and the Cosmos Club." The Cosmos Club was formed almost exclusively from
members of the Philosophical Society of Washington, who, according to Pete,
felt the need for a more relaxed, social atmosphere than that offered by the
Philosophical Society. Most early members of GSW were also members of the
Cosmos Club, including 79 of the initial 109 members, and all of the early
officers of GSW. The Cosmos Club was founded at the home of John Wesley Powell,
mainly by scientists, and 72 of 90 past presidents of GSW have belonged to the
Cosmos Club. Questions by Bill Back, Meyer Rubin, Patrick Taylor, Doug Kinney,
and Phil Bethke. This talk was 16 minutes.
Jim Luhr of the
Smithsonian was scheduled to present "Eruption of Paricutin: Marking the
50th Anniversary of GSW," but unfortunately was out of town. Jeff Grossman
of the USGS substituted, narrating a movie that included film clips of the
early 1943 eruptions of this famous Mexican volcano. This movie was shown to
GSW in 1943 by William Foshag of the Smithsonian, who had visited Paracutin
just one month after its initial eruption. In addition to black-and-white
newsreel footage, the movie included color film shot only eight days after the
first eruption. Color film taken at night by Fred Poe was especially spectacular,
showing huge incandescent lava fountains on the summit. When it was presented
at GSW in 1943, this movie attracted 224 people, one of the highest attendances
ever recorded by the society. With luck, someone in the audience may again show
this movie on the 150th birthday of GSW, in February, 2043.
Following a standing
ovation for Gene Robertson for chairing the centennial committee, President
Bethke adjourned the meeting, with 98 attendees, at 9:57 pm.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
MINUTES OF 1237TH MEETING
MARCH 24, 1993
Vice-President Roz Helz
called the meeting to order at 8:04 p.m. New members Jon Price and Andrew Kulp
were announced. Aro Hanski, Ann
Landfield, Aro Senkhe, Mary Baxter, Dick Sheldon, and Jeannie Hewwitt were
introduced as guests. John Jens, Public
Service Committee Chairman, reported on the upcoming Science Fairs, and Gene
Robertson described the recently published GSW Centennial Volume and pictures
taken at the banquet.
William Melson of the
Smithsonian presented the first talk on the probability of volcanic eruptions
at Yucca Mountain. Yucca Mountain has
been chosen as a nuclear waste repository because of the low human population
density and high depths to groundwater. The area is the site of recent
volcanism, including Lathrop Wells that has been active in the past 10,000 to
13,000 years. To evaluate the
probability of an eruption or intrusion into the waste repository a probability
model has been developed with the following parameters: 1) Eruption probabilities in the region, 2)
Probability of an eruption causing the release of radioactive materials. Assessing these probabilities is difficult
due to the time spacing of the eruptions and the spatial distribution of eruptive
centers. Questions by Ron Brice, Dan
Milton, an unknown person, Leon Panetta, and Dennis Krohn.
The second talk was by
James Hays of NSF, who discussed the role that Francis Birch played in
developing interest in experiments in mineral phases at high pressures. The work that Birch conducted in the 1950s
has stimulated 40 years of research to date.
Birch recognized that seismic data showed that olivine, pyroxene, and
garnets were probable mantle materials.
The research that Birch conducted and inspired set the stage for modern
research in diamond anvil apparati. Hays
kept his talk to 20 minutes and showed us pictures of Gene Robertson in his
grad student days. Remembrances of
Francis Birch were offered by Gene Robertson, Doug Rumble, Dave Stewart, and
Joe Boyd, in lieu of questions.
The final talk of the
evening was by James Monsees on the design and construction of the
superconducting supercollider. The
tunnels are 54 miles in length and are being dug south of Dallas for a cost of
8 billion dollars. Tunnels are burrowed
through Austin chalk, shale, and marl.
The chalk is a competent layer that is self-supporting; the other layers
are overstressed at depth and require tunnel linings and structural
support. Once vertical access tunnels
are drilled or reamed out, the tunnels are drilled with mechanical moles that
have heads resembling dentist drills. Due to recession in the construction
industry and good luck with tunneling equipment, the construction phase is
currently 80 million under budget.
Questions by Jane Hammarstrom, Mary Baxter, E-an Zen, Gene Robertson,
George Helz, Dennis Krohn, Jim Hays, Roberta Dillenburg, and one unidentified
individual.
The meeting adjourned at
9:40 and was attended by 68 people.
Respectfully submitted
Karen Prestegaard (for
John Slack)
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1238th Meeting, April 14,
1993
President Bethke called
the meeting to order at 8:02 p.m. One
new member, Richard P. Shelton, was
announced. Only one guest was
introduced, David Simpson of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. The deaths of A1 Froelich and Norm Sohl were
announced. John Jens, Chairman of the
Public Service Committee, again asked for volunteers to be judges at local
science fairs. Liz Koosmin, editor of
the GSW newsletter Outcrops, requested contributions, help, and suggestions
for the next issue. Gene Robertson
reminded us that he still has a book of pictures from the GSW banquet that we
can use for choosing duplicates. Tom
Dutro also announced that Mike Fleischer has just submitted to Mineralogical
Abstracts his 92,000th abstract.
Dick Fiske of the
Smithsonian started the program with a talk on "One-Rift, Two-Rift Paradox
at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Dick
described the well-known east and southwest rift zones on the south flank of
Kilauea, and showed various surface manifestations of these rifts. Another way to look at the rifting process,
however, is with seismicity, which is
systematically south of the two surface traces of the rifts. This is in contrast to the gravity data that
coincide with the rifts. One
interpretation is that there has been migration of the rifts to the south,
towards the ocean. Recent studies by
Dick (together with Tim Rose and Don Swanson) of tephra and thick ponded flows
within the east-west Koae rift, which lies between the east and southwest
rifts, reveal the nature of rift-related faulting. Based on these data and new GLORIA studies
off the south coast of the island that show huge slumps or breakaways, Dick
suggested that the two rift zones on the Big Island are actually part of a
headland scarp in which rifting is associated with shield destruction, rather
than shield growth. Questions by Bob
Ilchik, Patrick Taylor, Peter Stifel,
Bob Neuman, A1 Linde, Bevin French, Doug Rankin, and Ann Dorr. (21 minutes).
The second talk was
presented by Connie Sancetta of NSF and Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory,
on "High Primary Production in the Glacial North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans:
The Iceberg Hypothesis." Connie
compared the productivity of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans,
showing that Spring blooms are important in the Atlantic, while none occur in
the Pacific; that the Atlantic is dominated by diatoms, while the Pacific is
dominated by Picoplankton; and that the Atlantic biomass is ten times that of
the Pacific. Marginal seas, however, are
highly productive in both oceans at northerly latitudes, including Baffin Bay in the North Atlantic
and the Sea of Okhotsk in the North Pacific.
The sediment record and microfossils give us data on past conditions
going back 18,000-20,000 years, to the time of the last glacial event. Two sediment cores in the North Pacific show
major changes at 12,000 years ago in the diatom assemblages, and an order of
magnitude more productivity than in the same area today. One possible explanation for these relations
suggested by Connie is that the higher productivity of the North Pacific 12,000
years ago may have been responsible for the loss of CO2 in the
atmosphere at the time, the latter recently revealed by low CO2
contents in ice cores. Connie proposed
that icebergs in the northern oceans generated changes in biologic productivity
through the physical presence of the icebergs causing upwelling of nutrients
from below the pycnocline, and through the presence of clays and mineral
particles within the icebergs that provided increased nutrients for greater
productivity. Questions by Tom Dutro,
George Helz, E-an Zen, Gene Robertson, Meyer Rubin, Doug Rankin, and Ken
Towe. (15 minutes).
The last talk of the
evening was presented by Dave Russ of the USGS in Reston on "Maryland
Earthquakes 1993: What's All the Fuss About?" Dave described the recent earthquakes in the
Columbia, Maryland, area and their implications. The first significant quake was a magnitude
2.7 event on March 10, which apparently was preceded by several smaller quakes
two days before. Since the initial
shock, 11 other measurable quakes have
been recorded in the area, with magnitudes in the range 1.8 to 2.7. Seismograms show that for the first quake,
S- and P waves arrived nearly simultaneously, thus indicating a very shallow
depth; calculated hypocenters are about 0.5 kilometers. Such low-magnitude, shallow earthquakes are
felt more readily and widely than 5- to 10-kilometer deep quakes in California
that generally are felt only if they have magnitudes of 3 or greater. Another interesting aspect of the Maryland
earthquakes is that their focal plane mechanisms suggest a northwest-trending reverse
fault solution. No northwest-trending
faults, either inactive or active, are known in the area, but 11 earthquakes
near Richmond, Virginia, in 1986-1987
also had a northwest-trending fault solution.
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these and similar
shallow earthquakes in the eastern U.S., including the presence of Mesozoic
dikes and related density contrasts with surrounding country rocks, chemical
weathering, and release of long-term strain due to hydrofracturing. Questions by Gene Robertson, Meyer
Rubin, Bevin French, Antonia Segovia,
Jim Reger, Al Linde, Moto Sato, Robert Schneider, and Doug Rankin. (19 minutes).
President Bethke
adjourned the meeting at 9:44 p.m., with 85 attendees present.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
MINUTES OF 1239th MEETING
APRIL 28, 1993
President Phil Bethke
convened the 1239th meeting of the Society at 8:05 p.m. Minutes of the 1238th meeting were read and
approved. One guest was introduced,
Adele Connor from the Smithsonian. Don
Hadley and Dick Sheldon, who had been on foreign assignments for a number of
years, were welcomed back to membership.
E-an Zen requested volunteers for C & O canal treks, and Gene
Robertson announced that he is taking orders for photos from the Centennial Banquet.
Tom Messenger presented
an informal communication on photographs of mountains named after founding
members of GSW, based on journal excerpts from the 1869 Powell Survey.
Bob Ilchik, Geophysical
Laboratory, spoke on "Hydrothermal circulation, 40 million years of
extension, and 200 million ounces of gold: A perspective on the development of
the Great Basin." Bob presented a
model for the generation of Carlin type disseminated gold deposits in which
sediments provide the metals, meteoric water provides the transport
mechanism, and extensional tectonics
provide a driving force for circulation that uses magmas as a heat engine,
rather than as a source for metals. The
premise of this model is that during extension and thinning of crust, geothermal
gradients are perturbed. The talk ran a
tad long - 24 minutes - and prompted questions by Van Oss, Milton, Lipin, Zen, and Barton.
The second speaker was L.
Douglas James of the National Science Foundation and Utah State University, who
presented a talk entitled "Venturing into stochastic parametric
hydrogeologic modeling." In
reconstructing these minutes for posterity, I discovered that neither
"stochastic" nor "parametric" are listed in my computer thesaurus,
although the "near alphabet guesses" that the thesaurus provided, in particular the words
"stimulating" and "paradoxical" can be applied to this
talk, depending on one's point of view.
Dr. James described his methods for finding the optimum scale for
surface water modeling of rainfall runoff for ungaged water cachements by estimating
model parameters from cachement characteristics and hydrologic principles. The power of this technique is that if the
scale can be optimized using data for climate and topography, field work can be
minimized to collection of stream flow data.
Questions by Van Oss (3), Gene Robertson, Karen Prestergaard, and Bob
Ilchik. (20 minutes)
The final talk of the
evening was given by Andrei V. Sher of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who
charmed us with his discussion of "Mammoth extinction and arctic
environment: New Evidence." The
discovery of 4,000 to 7,000 year old dwarf mammoth teeth on Wrangel Island in
the Siberian Arctic shows that mammoths did not become extinct by 9,500 years
ago as previously thought. Local topography
and climate conditions supported a relict steppe habitat on Wrangel Island that
permitted the survival of the mammoths in the face of a trend towards an unfavorable
Holocene environment. The talk was very
long, but so interesting that nobody cared.
Questions by Helz, Milton, and Volt.
Attendance was 50. The meeting
was adjourned at 10:10 p.m.
Respectfully submitted,
Jane Hammarstrom (for
John Slack)
GEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1240th Meeting, September 15, 1993
President Phil Bethke
convened the 1240th meeting of the Society at 8:04 p.m. Minutes of the 1239th meeting were read and approved. 74 members and guests were present. Guests introduced were Jin Ugang (China).
John Holloway, Steve Kessler, Margaret and David Oliver (U.K.), Murray Hitzman,
Maeve Boland (GS Ireland), Beth Price, Steve Clark, and Sarah Marcus.
E-an Zen announced a
field trip he and Karen Prestergaard will lead 3 November to Great Falls
(Virginia side), to look at river channel and pothole development.
Phil Bethke mentioned
that volunteers would be welcomed by "Environmentors," a group
striving to reach out to inner-city children and bring to them an awareness of
science and the environment.
The resignation of Liz
Koosmin as newsletter editor was reported. along with a call for a volunteer to
replace her.
Margaret Chauncey
reported that the State of Maryland has an announcement out for a geologist
position in Baltimore, with a very short deadline for applications.
Jonathan Price. National
Research Council, opened the program with a talk having the sensuously
alliterative title. "Rhyolites and the rationale for radon
regulation." It was noted that EPA
radon risk assignments for a whole state may be made on the basis of a single radon
measurement. This did not appear to be a
terribly good way to characterize a geologically diverse state like Nevada, and
offered a great excuse to go to the field and look at neat rhyolites and determine
their radon emanations. Topaz rhyolites
known to be relatively high in radioactivity were chosen for study, and
measurements were made using 50 instruments borrowed from EPA. The data had a lot of scatter. but showed general
correlation of levels of radon in air and levels of radon in soil. Numbers like 17 and even 32 pCi/L were found
in natural settings. to be contrasted with EPA's notion that 4 pCi/L is the
threshold for consideration as hazardous.
The speaker handled the topic with diplomacy and circumspection. but an
alert listener might have concluded that the EPA approach to the problem is
completely free of any taint of geoscience and perhaps could be reinvented,
along with the rest of government. The
talk inspired a very interesting group of questions, almost a discussion, from
Doe, Ross, Tanner, Nancy Milton. Zen,
Schieffers, Oliver, Ilchik, and Namula.
The hazard or risk assessment aspect was likened to the misguided and incredibly
expensive asbestos scare; and it was pointed out that for most areas of the US.
the natural incidence of radon commonly is higher than that found at nuclear
plants or the Nevada Test Site. Mention
was made of a data set, 40 years of measurements in Sweden, that apparently is
quite inconsistent with similar data for the US; exchange of questions did not
seem to resolve this discrepancy. 17
minutes)
The second talk was by
Christopher Maples, Kansas Geological Survey, on "Implications of a latest
Devonian Chinese echinoderm fauna."
In starkly rocky desert at the west edge of the Gobi. one apparently
finds strewn fields of weathered-out virtually perfect specimens of crinoids,
blastoids, and related fossils. The collecting
for this study tripled the world's supply of specimens of such critters from
the Fammenian. The new collection
offered two important insights: With
this larger sample there is not a sharp break corresponding to the widespread
faunal extinction commonly noted for the Frasnian-Fammenian boundary. And, the Devonian echinoderm distribution
suggests an expansion of the tropics farther north than previously thought,
helping to explain why paleoecologic plate reconstructions have interpreted the
continents to be farther south than seen in paleomagnetic reconstructions. Not 1east of the breakthroughs was the
serendipitous discovery that Liquid Plumr works to dissolve rock from around
the fossils (DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME).
Questions by Hitzman and Dutro. (17 minutes)
The last talk was by
Gautam Sen. Florida International University and NSF, on "Trapped mantle
melts." The focus was on the chemistry
and petrology of glass contained in xenoliths found in Hawaiian lavas. and
considered to provide samples of mantle.
Two types found are hydrous, amphibole-rich glass. and anhydrous glass
without amphibole. The glass occurs in
elongate patches between grains or along annealed intragrain cracks. Melt composition falls generally along a
trend seen in such materials worldwide. separated from the composition of the
host basalt by the well-known 'Daly Gap.'
Sen attributed the gap to differences caused by vapor saturation of the
melts vs. vapor-free character of the host rocks. Comparison of melt and wallrock indicated no
interaction, no metasomatic effect on the minerals enclosing the melts. Interpretation of P-T indicators suggested
that the hydrous melts originated in the asthenosphere (60-75 km) and held
their volatiles during their rise and emplacement, and that the anhydrous melts
were more likely generated by decompression melting during rise and
emplacement. Questions by Doe, Holloway,
Ross. Bethke, Robertson, Chauncey, and Ryan. (22 minutes)
The meeting was
adjourned at 9:42 p.m.
Respectfully submitted.
Terry Offield (for John
Slack)
Geological Society of Washington
Minutes of the 1241st Meeting
September 29, 1993
Due to a number of
missing links in the chain of command, Secretary John Slack presided over the
meeting, which he formally commenced at 8:02 p.m. Five actual guests were introduced Mei Shillong, Jill Schneiderman, Fred
Kier, ? Vasiley, and Raquel Jones. Peter Stifel started a new and hopefully
short-lived trend by introducing Mario Marchusio, who was not present, but
should have been, according to Stifel.
Raquel Jones of
"The Environmentors Project" gave a brief introduction to her
mentoring program which pairs disadvantaged D.C. high school students with
scientists to conduct environmental research and community service projects. Citing herself as "living proof"
of the merits of such programs, Miss Jones asked members of GSW to consider
participating in the program which involves a 4-month commitment from the
scientist. See Kathy Krohn for application
forms and additional information.
The first speaker of the
evening was Debra Willard, U.S. Geological Survey, on "Pollen record from
the North Atlantic Region at 3 Ma: Vegetational distribution during a period of
global warmth". Debra examined the
fossil pollen and spore record for 5 North Atlantic Pliocene sites dated by
paleomagnetic reversals. By comparing
the fossil record with modern vegetation patterns, she is able to compute dissimilarity coefficients which
allows her to contrast the fossil climate with modern climates in which
particular plant communities are found.
For three Arctic sites the pollen record is dominated by mixed conifer
hardwoods including oak, hemlock, maple, and European holly. These types of vegetation are restricted to
lower latitudes and higher temperatures than exist at these sites today, indicating that the Pliocene was on the order
of 3 to 4 degrees warmer. Pollen from sites farther south, near Yorktown, VA
and a subtropical site off SW Florida indicates that the Pliocene climate was
similar to the present climate. In the
Pliocene, conifer forests extended as far as 80ēN and there is very little
evidence for the tundra that characterizes today's northern Atlantic regions anywhere
in the Pliocene pollen record.
Questions by George Helz, Yvette Ogel, Cy Galvin, and Jingle Ruppert.
Silvia Garzoli of Lamont
Doherty and NSF presented the second talk on "The Oceanic Circulation in
the Southwestern Atlantic and its implication for Climates and Local
Economics,, As part of the continuing effort to obtain data on ocean boundary
conditions to construct more accurate climate prediction models, Silvia uses
inverted echosounders to map the direction of flow, velocity, and location of
water masses of the Brazil and Malvinas currents, the western boundary currents
in the South Atlantic that are analogous to the Gulf Stream in the northern
hemisphere. Because the Brazil current
is weak, it is influenced by winds. Normal winds patterns push the Brazil
current south. In 1988, an anomalous
year, a negative, or northerly circulation pattern disrupted the normal current
directions and carried the water, along with its resident fish, away from
Argentine fishermen who consequently had a very bad year. Putting data for real winds into circulation
models is a way to forecast anomalous currents.
Questions by Kevin Crowley, E-an Zen, Peter Stifel, Alan Linde, Moto
Sato, and Robert Schneider.
The program ended back
on dry land with Don Steeples of the University of Kansas who spoke on
"Environmental Applications of Shallow Seismic Reflection". Reflection seismology is a relatively low
cost technique that can be used for depth to bedrock studies, finding faults,
identifying sand lenses in clay or clay in sands, and locating cavities or
karsts. Don described his equipment and
explained how "safe seismology" is done using 50 caliber machine guns
and 30.06 rifles as the source for an air blast with condoms to keep out water
and the ever dispensable graduate students to help muffle the noise. He described case studies in which he used
seismic reflection to help supplement test well data on structure to track
leaks around chemical stor- age ponds and detect abandoned coal mines. The scale of the data is such that one meter
by 10 meter scale sand lenses can be detected. Questions by Gene Robertson, Moto Sato,
Bruce Lipin, and Jill Schneiderman.
The meeting was
adjourned at 9:45 p.m.. Attendance was 63.
Respectfully submitted,
Jane Hammarstrom (for
John Slack)
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1242nd Meeting, October 13,
1993
President Bethke opened
the meeting at 8:05 p.m. Seven new
members were announced, including Vasile Rusu, Nicholas Woodward, Frederick
Keer, Douglas Brown, Jody Bourgeois, Daniel Chadwick, and Michael Saint
Clair. Five quests were introduced:
Christine Larsen, James McCullough, Curt Lindsay, Donald Haney, and Gramene
Richardson. E-an Zen announced the
upcoming GSW field trip on November 13 to Great Falls National Park. Present Bethke also announced the
publication of reviews in Science and in the Historical Geology
Section of GSA of the centennial GSW volume on the history of our
society. There were no informal communications.
Alan Linde of DTM
started the program with a talk entitled "The 1991 Eruption of Hekla as
Seen Through the Non-Blinking Eyes of Borehole Strainmeters." Alan described the application of a new type
of strainmeter that was used to decipher volcanotectonic events in Iceland in
1991. Data were acquired from a
strainmeter inserted into wet grout in a borehole approximately 100 to 200
meters deep. Expansion of the grout
during cooling locks the instrument into place and enhances sensitivity. This strainmeter produces high- quality
data, with a very large frequency range from 0 to 30 Hz. Alan used data for the
month of January, 1991, for interpreting the nature of magma ascent during the
eruption of Hekla that occurred on January 17th. No warnings of the eruption were noted, and
no seismicity was recorded beforehand.
At 5:00 p.m., nothing was observed at the surface, but 10 minutes later,
a plume 11.5 kilometers high was seen over the volcano. Using the data from the strainmeter and the
inferred depth to the magma chamber of 4 kilometers, Alan calculated that the
magma ascended at a rate of 8-10 kilometers per hour. A model involving deflation of a deep magma
source fits the data very well. The
model has good predictive capacity, and may be useful for monitoring volcanic
hazards at other active volcanoes around the world. Questions by Dave Stewart, Clinton Sandford,
Moto Sato, Brooks Hanson, Bruce Lipin, and Leonard Johnson. (22.0 minutes).
The second speaker of
the evening was Joanne Bourgeois of the University of Washington and NSF, who
presented a talk on "Tsunami Deposits as Paleoseismicity
Indicators." Joanne reviewed the
nature of tsunamis, which are "impulse-generated waves" that commonly
are associated with subduction-related earthquakes, submarine landslides, and
volcanic explosions. Damaging tsunamis
are mainly caused by earthquakes with magnitudes of 7.5 or greater. The Cascadia subduction zone, developed on
young crust, is likely to have produced large tsunamis in the past, although no
modern earthquakes of significant magnitude have been linked to this subduction
zone. For comparative purposes, Joanne
and colleagues studied tsunami deposits associated with the magnitude 9.5
earthquake in Chile in 1960, which is the largest historic earthquake ever
measured. Along the Chilean coast, a
town was washed away, a forest was drowned and a thin sand layer a few
centimeters thick was deposited within coastal estuaries. The presence of similar sand layers in the
area of Willapa Bay, Washington, together with the burial of cedar trees along
the coast there, suggest the occurrence of a major Cascadia-related earthquake
approximately 300 years ago. Based on
this occurrence, Joanne concluded that the Pacific Northwest--including Seattle
and the Puget Sound area--has a potential for receiving tsunami deposits from a
local earthquake. Questions by Kevin
Crowley, Cy Galvin, Dave Stewart, Peter Stifel, Murray Hitzman, E-an Zen, and
Brooks Hanson. (21.0 minutes).
The last talk of the
evening was by John LaBrecque of NASA and the Jet Propulsion Lab, who spoke on
"Using Satellites to Study the Dynamic Earth." The main focus of his work involves trying to
understand the forces on the lithosphere, using GPS and related satellite-based
systems such as lasers, radar, altimeters, gravimeters, and magnetometers. In a global sense, these instruments can be
used to study plate tectonics, post-glacial rebound, earthquake cycles, solid
earth tides, oceanic tidal loading, and atmospheric loading. John reviewed the applications of several
satellite-based systems. Global
Positioning, or GPS systems, for example,
interact with more than 24 satellites and 42 current or planned
receivers, which can provide locations that are accurate to 2 millimeters or
less--if you have a military i.d.
Ocean-floor geodedic systems, which now can generate locations within 5
centimeters, already are in use off Vancouver Island, where they allow
discrimination of continuous versus discontinuous motion on the Juan de Fuca
plate. GPS systems are also being used
to detect crustal deformation, such as in the Landers area of southern California,
and volcanic inflation, such as at Long Valley caldera. John also briefly discussed other systems
including synthetic aperture radar, which will soon be available after the
launch of a new satellite, satellite ranger lasing, and very-long baseline
interferometery. Questions by Kathy
Krohn, Alan Linde, and Dave Stewart.
(20.5 minutes).
President Bethke
adjourned the meeting at 9:50 p.m., with 79 attendees present.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1243rd
Meeting, November 3, 1993
President Bethke opened the meeting at 8:04
p.m. Four new members were announced,
including Curt Lindsay, Murray Hitzman, Maeve Boland, and Louis Pribyl. Ten guests were introduced: Winston Towe,
Alexander Redkin, Maria Woitsekhovskaya, Margaruite Collins, Ray Russo, Jeff
Park, John Vanderkow, Rick Carten, Richard Wonderman, and Derek Hutton. President Bethke reminded the membership of
the upcoming GSW field trip to Great Falls National Park on November 13, to be
led by E-an Zen and Karen Prestergaard.
Phil then introduced Kathy Krohn, chairperson of the membership
committee, who reported on proposed changes an the bylaws regarding new
members. Several changes were proposed,
the chief one being election to GSW membership after receiving nominations from
three current members and paying of dues- but without requiring a vote of
approval by Council. After much
discussion-- some of it quite heated--a
motion was passed to table the discussion until a future meeting.
Cy Galvin, a local Washington-area
consultant, presented an informal communication on his discovery of quartz-rich
float in southeastern Fairfax County.
Cy interpreted this float as quartzite, and not vein quartz, which
contradicts recently published USGS mapping that shows this area as being
underlain by Occaquon granite. Cy chose
five "democratically selected" quartz-rich boulders, but no republican
ones, for evaluation. Concentric circles
and spirals were interpreted as possible algal mats, and enigmatic weathering
pits were proposed to be hornblende casts
Cy suggested that dolomitic marl is the protolith of amphibolite in
contact with quartzite. Questions by
Peter Lyttle and Doug Rankin, accompanied by furrowed brows and head scratching
in the audience.
Murray Hitzman of the U.S. Congress opened
the formal program with a presentation on "Discovery of the Carbonate-Hosted
Lisheen Zn-Pb deposit, Republic of Ireland." Murray described the results of a ten-year
exploration program in southeastern Ireland in a region of poorly exposed
Carboniferous carbonate rocks. Exploration
began in 1984, and following detailed stratigraphic, geochemical, and geophysical
work, was followed by initial drilling in March, 1990. The sixth drill hole intersected 14.2 meters
of 13.8% zinc, 3.5% lead, and 1.6 ounces per ton silver, which has since become
Ireland's most promising new metal discovery.
Murray outlined several strategic concepts that were used in his
exploration program, including a model involving subseafloor replacement--and
not exhalative precipitation; formation in the stratigraphically lowest clean
carbonate unit, the presence of an alteration halo larger than the deposit;
metal zoning within the deposit; and various structural controls. Soil geochemical studies were considered
critical, in particular the recognition of areas having as little as 125 ppm
zinc, which previously was not identified as anomalous for the local carbonate
terrane. The importance of iron-rich
dolomite alteration in the deposit area was also stressed, which contrasts with
the iron-poor dolomite produced during regional dolomitization. Preliminary carbon and oxygen isotope data
for the ferroan dolomite show mixing lines between an inferred hydrothermal
fluid and local carbonate rocks. Based
on several lines of evidence, Murray proposed that the fluid was derived, at
least in part, from the Old Red Sandstone at depth. Questions by Dave Stewart, Rick Wonderman,
Julian Hemley, Moto Sato, Marcus Milling, Bruce Lipin, and Phil Bethke. (20.0 minutes).
The second speaker of the evening, Thomas
Torgersen of the University of Connecticut and DOE, presented a talk on Dating Fluids in Basin Scale Hydrogeologic
Flow Systems." Tom began by emphasizing
our need to understand the roles of geologic time and fluid transport in
crustal processes. He used Darcy's Law
as the basis for calculating the hydraulic age or residence time of basinal
fluids. After reviewing various
isotopic tracers for groundwaters, Tom described the advantage of using He because of its large flux through the
continental crust. Tom's method
involves the vertical transport of helium in the crust as a means for dating
fluids in basin-scale systems. As a test
of his method, Tom and a French colleague collected a large number of samples
from the Paris basin. Their results show
increased helium flux with depth in different aquifers of the basin. 3He/4He ratios,
normalized to air values, also increase with depth due to fluid input from
adjacent crystalline massifs. The 3He/4He
profiles were used to calibrate vertical fluid flux. Tom's calculations suggest that the water in
the Dogger aquifer in the Paris basin is approximately 4 million years old,
which is more geologically realistic than the previous estimates of several
hundred thousand years. This method can
be used to define fluid transport in basins, including hydrothermal systems and
petroleum-generating systems. Questions
by Alan Tanner, Moto Sato, Dave Stewart, and George Helz. (18.5 minutes).
Connie Bertka of the Geophysical Lab gave
the last presentation, entitled "Partial Melting of an Iron-Rich Mantle:
Implications for Melting Reactions in Planetary Interiors." Connie described the results of experimental
studies of iron-rich minerals at high pressure, and their use as guides to
mantle compositions of Earth and Mars.
The mantle of Mars is believed to be more dense than that of Earth, in
the range 3.47 to 3.66 grams per cubic centimeter, compared with 3.34 grams per
cubic centimeter for Earth. The
calculation of mantle densities requires knowledge of the moment of inertia and
bulk density, plus assumptions about the composition of the core. If the high mantle density Calculated for
Mars is correct, it implies an iron-rich composition; this is supported by the
iron-rich nature of meteorites that are believed to have come from Mars. Connie's experiments, carried out with
anhydrous minerals in the range 10 to 30 kb, were designed to model this
iron-rich mantle composition for the determination of solidus and liquidus temperatures
and phase relations. The experiments
show that melting reactions that produce orthopyroxene will occur at a lower
pressure on Mars than on Earth, that Ks, in the spinel instead of in the garnet
stability field, unless the Martian mantle has peridotite element ratios, an
which case orthopyroxene is not a stable solidus phase there at any pressure. Questions by Moto Sato, Robin Brett, Alan
Tanner, Gene Robertson, and Joe Boyd.
(22.0 minutes).
President Bethke adjourned the meeting at
10:05 p.m. with 88 attendees present.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1244th Meeting, November 17,
1993
President Bethke opened
the meeting at 8:03 p.m. One new member
was announced, Tom Armstrong, a new postdoc at the USGS in Reston. Three guests were introduced, including Jeffrey
Williams, Virginia Smith, and Edward Venske.
President Bethke read the slate of proposed new GSW officers and members
of the Council, which will be voted on during the annual meeting on December 8.
Scott Ishman of the USGS
in Reston opened the program with a talk entitled "The Effect of Northern
Hemisphere Warmth on Antarctic Ice Volume: A Look at the Pliocene." Scott described the results of recent work
under the auspices of the PRISM project, which is an acronym for "Pliocene
Research, Interpretation, and Synoptic Mapping." The Pliocene, and in particular the time from
3.5 to 2.0 million years ago, is of interest because it is the last period of
significant warmth in Earth's history.
For global warming studies, the Pliocene is thus a potentially fruitful
period for research. Scott focused on
benthic foraminifera in the North and South Atlantic, and their relationship to
surface and deep water circulation and Antarctic ice volumes. The major question to be addressed is: what
was the ice volume in the Pliocene? One
model involves an ice volume that is two-thirds that of the present Antarctic
ice sheet, while another proposes no major change in ice volume between the
Pliocene and today. Some evidence is
present to suggest warmer climates during the Pliocene, such as the presence of
southern Beech preserved in glacial sediments on Antarctica; there is no convincing
evidence from 6180 data, however. Scott
used cluster analysis of benthic foram data from DSDP sites in the North
Atlantic to evaluate bottom water conditions, and carbon isotope data to tell
which water masses were dominant--southern Antarctic bottom water or North
Atlantic deep water. Increased heat
transport in the North Atlantic region produced an increase in North Atlantic
deep water, which affected Antarctic climate.
The difference between the Pliocene and today is that the Pliocene had
reduced sea ice and no Antarctic surface water to provide moisture to the
Antarctic. Questions by Bob Ilchik and
George Helz. (20.0 minutes)
The second talk, by
Kevin Crowley of the National Research Council, was entitled "One Billion
Year Thermal History of Interior North America." Kevin examined the thermal history of the
Precambrian North American shield as a method for evaluating regional epeirogeny. The problem is that Precambrian shields,
unlike our beer, are old and cold, and also dense, yet are topographically high
in many areas. Kevin investigated this
problem through fission track geochronology, in order to understand the uplift
history of the shields. Fission track
studies are useful because they provide information on the age, time, and
temperature evolution of the sample.
Kevin used Monte Carlo processes and 6th order polynomial equations to
generate random time-temperature histories, and the calculation of model ages
to compare with measured ages; this process allows constraints to be placed on
the thermal history of an area, and may reveal paleogeothermal gradients in
some cases. Kevin studied surface samples from the Lake Superior region and
discovered young Phanerozoic heating ages, from 600 to 200 million years
old. In one drill core from
northwestern Iowa, fission track ages range from 935 to about 640 million
years, with deeper samples yielding younger ages. In all the samples from the Lake Superior
region, a late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic thermal peak is evident, despite the
Proterozoic age of the analyzed rocks.
These results suggest that the Precambrian shield of the Lake Superior
region is mainly a Mesozoic to perhaps a Cenozoic feature, and that the shield
originally was covered by a thick Paleozoic cover. Kevin left us with the question: where did
all of the Paleozoic cover go? Questions
by Jane Hammarstrom, Cy Galvin, Curt Lindsay, George Helz, Phil Bethke, and
E-an Zen. (20.5 minutes)
The last talk of the
evening was presented by Bill Boning of the USGS in Reston, on "The 1993
Floods in the Upper Mississippi River Basin." While heavy rain fell outside on Florida
Avenue, Bill told us about heavy rain in the Midwest this past summer. The 1993 floods in the upper Mississippi
River basin resulted in unprecedented damages, including more than $10 billion
in property losses, the evacuation of more than 80,000 people, the destruction
of millions of acres of crops, and widespread infrastructure disruption. In the Midwest, the rainfall in the
preceding six months was 150-200% higher than normal, producing 100-year flood
levels on the Mississippi at St Louis, and even higher levels on the Raccoon
River in Iowa. The heavy rain was
caused by an unusually southerly track for the jet stream during the late
spring and summer, which brought unseasonably cool, dry air that mixed with
warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico.
In contrast, rainfall in the southeastern U.S. was less than 50% of
normal. Bill showed many slides of
flooding along the Mississippi and other rivers, noting that the flow on the
Mississippi at St. Louis in August was above flood stage for 80 days, from late
June to early September, including a flow of more than one million cubic feet
per second in August. Bill also
described the effects of the flooding on agriculture chemical discharge, which
were presumed to be lower because of dilution by the increased water flow. However, in 1993 concentrations of
herbicides such as Atrazine have been relatively high, indicating a large amount of erosion of
agricultural chemicals from farm fields.
The USGS response to the flooding included the taking of more than 2000
discharge measurements above the normal amount,
increased sampling for sediment and water quality at 142 locations, and
continuous data provision for emergency river management. Questions by Bob Ilchik, Dallas Peck, Jingle
Ruppert, Joanne Bourgeois, Bill Houser, E-an Zen, Charles Prewitt, Blair Jones,
Murray Hitzman, George Helz, and Margaret Chauncey. (24.5 minutes)
President Bethke adjourned
the meeting at 9:50 p.m., with 77 attendees present.
Respect fully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
MINUTES OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
1245th Meeting, December 8,
1993
Vice President Rosalind
Helz called the meeting to order at 8:07 p.m.
Two new members were announced, James McDougall and Richard
Wunderman. Six guests were introduced,
including Amelia Logan, Charlie Alpers, Graeilla Sarmiento, Susana
Garcia-Lopez, Gary Reeves, and Will White.
Roz also announced the death of Gil Espenshade.
The only talk of the
evening was President Bethke's Presidential Address, entitled "Cenozoic
Geomorphic Evolution, climate Change, and Supergene Alteration, Central San
Juan Mountains, Colorado." Phil
described in detail the use of stable isotope and K/Ar data on supergene
alunite and jarosite in the Creede mining district for constraining the
evolution of Cenozoic geomorphology and climate in part of the southern Rocky
Mountains. Alunite and jarosite form during
the oxidation of sulfide-bearing mineral deposits, by the interaction of
silicate wall rocks with sulfuric acid produced by pyrite oxidation. Alunite and jarosite are both hydrous,
sulfate-bearing minerals that contain four stable isotope sites and abundant
potassium suitable for age dating. Phil
outlined four major implications of the acquired data: 1) the sulfur isotopic
composition of sulfur in the sulfate should approximate the sulfur isotopic
composition of the precursor sulfide minerals; 2) the hydrogen and oxygen
isotopic compositions of the OH site should be equivalent to the isotopic
composition of the local meteoric water that formed the alunite and jarosite;
3) the oxygen isotopic composition of the oxygen in the sulfate yields
information on the hydrologic environment of the supergene alteration; and 4)
the potassium in both alunite and jarosite can be used for radiometric dating
to determine the age of the supergene alteration. Two equations were shown for pyrite
oxidation, one air-dominant and the other
water-dominant. Combined d180 and d34S data can be used to evaluate air- versus
water-dominant oxidation, because air-dominant oxidation yields heavy d180 values, whereas water-dominant oxidation yields light d180 values. After reviewing
general aspects of the geology and geomorphology of the San Juan Mountains,
Phil showed plots of stable isotope data for Creede alunites and jarosites, and
their K/Ar ages. These data suggest
that the alunite formed 4-5 million years ago in a wet environment at or below
the water table, whereas jarosite formed later in an alternating wet-dry
environment in the vadose zone. Geomorphically, development of a hanging
topography in the region appears related to the 4- to 5 million-year-old
paleo-water table that underlay it by about 500 feet; regional uplift of the
southern Rocky Mountains, about 5 million years ago, also caused rapid erosion
with progressive lowering of the water table between 2.5 and 0.8 million years
ago. The regional uplift apparently resulted
in the development of a cooler climate in the Creede area. This work shows that combined K/Ar
geochronology and stable isotope studies of supergene alunite and jarosite may
be successfully used for evaluating climate change and establishing
paleo-topography and erosion rates.
Vice President Helz
adjourned the meeting at 9:07 p.m., with 78 attendees present.
Respectfully submitted,
John F. Slack
Meeting Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON
Minutes of the 101st Annual Meeting December 8, 1993
President Phil Bethke
convened the 101st Annual Meeting at 9:27 p.m. Minutes of the previous regular
meeting were read by Meetings Secretary John Slack, and approved. Vice President Helz read the report of the
Council Secretary, in the absence of Karen Prestegaard, and it also was
approved. Moto Sato's Treasurers Report,
which indicated that the Society is in good financial shape, was read and
approved. President Bethke read the
report of the Auditing Committee for absent Chairman Marcus Milling, which was
also approved. Kathy Krohn presented
the report of the Membership Committee, revealing that we gained 53 new members
during the year and lost 79, for a net total of 580 members, including 397 regular,
165 corresponding, and 18 student members.
John Jens, Chairman of
the Public Service Committee, reported that in 1993, 16 GSW members judged seven science fairs,
and that the grand prize winner was Ellen Houseknecht from Leesburg, for her
study on "The effect of sediment size of sand and gravel on permeability." John also noted that AGI gave us a discount
on books that were presented to winners of the various science fairs. One field
trip was held during the year, in the fall, which was led by E-an Zen and Karen
Prestegaard to potholes and other features of Great Falls.
Bruce Lipin, Chairman of
the Awards Committee, presented the GSW awards for the year. The Bradley Award for best scientific presentation
went to Alan Linde of DTM for his talk on the use of strain meters during the
1991 eruption of Hekla in Iceland. Second prize went to Andre Sher of the
Russian Academy of Sciences, for his presentation on mammoth extinction in the
Arctic. Honorable mention went to Chris
Newell, Sean Solomon, Jim Luhr, Bill Melson, Jim Hays, Jim Montrees, Dick Fiske,
and Murray Hitzman. The Sleeping Bear
award was presented to Jim Monsees for his response to a question regarding the
SSC in Texas.
President Bethke read
the names of the nominated officers and councilors of the Society for 1994,
which were approved by the members. He
then turned over the Budweiser gavel and a dusty copy of Roberts Rules of Order
to new President Rosalind Helz. She read
the names of Steve Shirey and Jane Hammarstrom, the Program Cochairs for 1994,
and adjourned the meeting at 10:15 p.m.
Attendance was 78.
Respectfully Submitted,
John Slack
Meeting Secretary